Python 2.5 (r25:51918, Sep 19 2006, 08:49:13) 
[GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Computer, Inc. build 5341)] on darwin
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information.

IDLE 1.2      
>>> 
>>> # recall: Python definitely has objects!
>>> #
>>> # object: data + methods for acting on that
>>> #    data
>>> #
>>> # and: we've been using Python objects
>>> #    frequently ---

>>> # strings are objects - consider string methods such as upper

>>> food = 'spam'

>>> type(food)
<type 'str'>

>>> # call the string object food's upper method

>>> food.upper()
'SPAM'

>>> # Python calls the data fields and methods of an object
>>> #    its attributes
>>> 
>>> # want to see all of a object's attributes?
>>> #    ...use the dir built-in function
>>> 
>>> # to see the attributes of the integer
>>> #    object 3

>>> dir(3)
['__abs__', '__add__', '__and__', '__class__', '__cmp__', '__coerce__', '__delattr__', '__div__', '__divmod__', '__doc__', '__float__', '__floordiv__', '__getattribute__', '__getnewargs__', '__hash__', '__hex__', '__index__', '__init__', '__int__', '__invert__', '__long__', '__lshift__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__neg__', '__new__', '__nonzero__', '__oct__', '__or__', '__pos__', '__pow__', '__radd__', '__rand__', '__rdiv__', '__rdivmod__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rfloordiv__', '__rlshift__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__ror__', '__rpow__', '__rrshift__', '__rshift__', '__rsub__', '__rtruediv__', '__rxor__', '__setattr__', '__str__', '__sub__', '__truediv__', '__xor__']

>>> dir([1, 2, 3])
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__delslice__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__setslice__', '__str__', 'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']

>>> # (setting up to import local modules...)

>>> import sys
>>> sys.path.append("/Users/smtuttle/Humboldt/to-back-up/f06cis180py/180py_lectures/180py_lect09")

>>> # consider lect09_1.py (posted along with this session)

>>> import lect09_1

>>> dir(lect09_1)
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', 'spam', 'square']

>>> # what about all those odd names that begin
>>> #    and end with two underscores?
>>> # ...those are SYSTEM-DEFINED NAMES

>>> # defined by the interpreter and its
>>> #    implementation (including the standard
>>> #    library)

>>> # "Learning Python", Section 2.3.2:
>>> # "applications should not expect to
>>> #    define additional names using this
>>> #    convention"

>>> dir(lect09_1)
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', 'spam', 'square']

>>> lect09_1.__builtins__
{'IndexError': <type 'exceptions.IndexError'>, 'all': <built-in function all>, 'help': Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object., 'vars': <built-in function vars>, 'SyntaxError': <type 'exceptions.SyntaxError'>, 'unicode': <type 'unicode'>, 'UnicodeDecodeError': <type 'exceptions.UnicodeDecodeError'>, 'isinstance': <built-in function isinstance>, 'copyright': Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Python Software Foundation.
All Rights Reserved.

Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.
All Rights Reserved.

Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
All Rights Reserved.

Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam.
All Rights Reserved., 'NameError': <type 'exceptions.NameError'>, 'dict': <type 'dict'>, 'input': <built-in function input>, 'oct': <built-in function oct>, 'SystemExit': <type 'exceptions.SystemExit'>, 'StandardError': <type 'exceptions.StandardError'>, 'repr': <built-in function repr>, 'sorted': <built-in function sorted>, 'False': False, 'RuntimeWarning': <type 'exceptions.RuntimeWarning'>, 'list': <type 'list'>, 'iter': <built-in function iter>, 'reload': <built-in function reload>, 'Warning': <type 'exceptions.Warning'>, 'round': <built-in function round>, 'dir': <built-in function dir>, 'cmp': <built-in function cmp>, 'set': <type 'set'>, 'reduce': <built-in function reduce>, 'intern': <built-in function intern>, 'issubclass': <built-in function issubclass>, 'Ellipsis': Ellipsis, 'EOFError': <type 'exceptions.EOFError'>, 'locals': <built-in function locals>, 'slice': <type 'slice'>, 'FloatingPointError': <type 'exceptions.FloatingPointError'>, 'sum': <built-in function sum>, 'getattr': <built-in function getattr>, 'abs': <built-in function abs>, 'exit': Use exit() or Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit, 'True': True, 'FutureWarning': <type 'exceptions.FutureWarning'>, 'ImportWarning': <type 'exceptions.ImportWarning'>, 'None': None, 'hash': <built-in function hash>, 'len': <built-in function len>, 'credits':     Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands
    for supporting Python development.  See www.python.org for more information., 'frozenset': <type 'frozenset'>, '__name__': '__builtin__', 'ord': <built-in function ord>, 'super': <type 'super'>, '_': None, 'TypeError': <type 'exceptions.TypeError'>, 'license': Type license() to see the full license text, 'KeyboardInterrupt': <type 'exceptions.KeyboardInterrupt'>, 'UserWarning': <type 'exceptions.UserWarning'>, 'filter': <built-in function filter>, 'range': <built-in function range>, 'staticmethod': <type 'staticmethod'>, 'SystemError': <type 'exceptions.SystemError'>, 'BaseException': <type 'exceptions.BaseException'>, 'pow': <built-in function pow>, 'RuntimeError': <type 'exceptions.RuntimeError'>, 'float': <type 'float'>, 'MemoryError': <type 'exceptions.MemoryError'>, 'StopIteration': <type 'exceptions.StopIteration'>, 'globals': <built-in function globals>, 'divmod': <built-in function divmod>, 'enumerate': <type 'enumerate'>, 'apply': <built-in function apply>, 'LookupError': <type 'exceptions.LookupError'>, 'open': <built-in function open>, 'quit': Use quit() or Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit, 'basestring': <type 'basestring'>, 'UnicodeError': <type 'exceptions.UnicodeError'>, 'zip': <built-in function zip>, 'hex': <built-in function hex>, 'long': <type 'long'>, 'ReferenceError': <type 'exceptions.ReferenceError'>, 'ImportError': <type 'exceptions.ImportError'>, 'chr': <built-in function chr>, 'xrange': <type 'xrange'>, 'type': <type 'type'>, '__doc__': "Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects.\n\nNoteworthy: None is the `nil' object; Ellipsis represents `...' in slices.", 'Exception': <type 'exceptions.Exception'>, 'tuple': <type 'tuple'>, 'UnicodeTranslateError': <type 'exceptions.UnicodeTranslateError'>, 'reversed': <type 'reversed'>, 'UnicodeEncodeError': <type 'exceptions.UnicodeEncodeError'>, 'IOError': <type 'exceptions.IOError'>, 'hasattr': <built-in function hasattr>, 'delattr': <built-in function delattr>, 'setattr': <built-in function setattr>, 'raw_input': <built-in function raw_input>, 'SyntaxWarning': <type 'exceptions.SyntaxWarning'>, 'compile': <built-in function compile>, 'ArithmeticError': <type 'exceptions.ArithmeticError'>, 'str': <type 'str'>, 'property': <type 'property'>, 'GeneratorExit': <type 'exceptions.GeneratorExit'>, 'int': <type 'int'>, '__import__': <built-in function __import__>, 'KeyError': <type 'exceptions.KeyError'>, 'coerce': <built-in function coerce>, 'PendingDeprecationWarning': <type 'exceptions.PendingDeprecationWarning'>, 'file': <type 'file'>, 'EnvironmentError': <type 'exceptions.EnvironmentError'>, 'unichr': <built-in function unichr>, 'any': <built-in function any>, 'OSError': <type 'exceptions.OSError'>, 'DeprecationWarning': <type 'exceptions.DeprecationWarning'>, 'min': <built-in function min>, 'UnicodeWarning': <type 'exceptions.UnicodeWarning'>, 'execfile': <built-in function execfile>, 'id': <built-in function id>, 'complex': <type 'complex'>, 'bool': <type 'bool'>, 'ValueError': <type 'exceptions.ValueError'>, 'NotImplemented': NotImplemented, 'map': <built-in function map>, 'buffer': <type 'buffer'>, 'max': <built-in function max>, 'object': <type 'object'>, 'TabError': <type 'exceptions.TabError'>, 'callable': <built-in function callable>, 'ZeroDivisionError': <type 'exceptions.ZeroDivisionError'>, 'eval': <built-in function eval>, '__debug__': True, 'IndentationError': <type 'exceptions.IndentationError'>, 'AssertionError': <type 'exceptions.AssertionError'>, 'classmethod': <type 'classmethod'>, 'UnboundLocalError': <type 'exceptions.UnboundLocalError'>, 'NotImplementedError': <type 'exceptions.NotImplementedError'>, 'AttributeError': <type 'exceptions.AttributeError'>, 'OverflowError': <type 'exceptions.OverflowError'>}

>>> dir(lect09_1)
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', 'spam', 'square']

>>> # __doc__ contains the docstring, if any
>>> #    for that object

>>> lect09_1.__doc__
'\nlect09_1.py - a simple module with a data attribute and a function attribute\n'

>>> lect09_1.__file__
'/Users/smtuttle/Humboldt/to-back-up/f06cis180py/180py_lectures/180py_lect09/lect09_1.py'

>>> lect09_1.__name__
'lect09_1'

>>> lect09_1.spam
40

>>> lect09_1.square(3)
9

>>> from lect09_1 import spam

>>> spam
40

>>> # you can "hide" stuff from the
>>> #    "from module import *" statement;

>>> # IF you create a module attribute whose
>>> #    name begins with a single underscore,
>>> #    that name won't be copied out when
>>> #    a client imports that module USING
>>> #    THE FROM COMMAND

>>> # (this is to reduce some namespace
>>> #    pollution - it is NOT true
>>> #    data hiding!!!)

>>> # example: see lect09_2.py, posted along with this session

>>> from lect09_2 import *

>>> spam
40
>>> _spam

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#74>", line 1, in <module>
    _spam
NameError: name '_spam' is not defined

>>> # BUT: all names come when you use import (rather than from):

>>> import lect09_2

>>> lect09_2.spam
40

>>> lect09_2._spam
500

>>> # one more odd "somewhat but not completely
>>> #   hiding stuff" tidbit...

>>> # __all__
>>> # IF a module SETS __all__ to be a list of
>>> #    some of its attribute names,
>>> # THEN the from command will ONLY copy
>>> #    over THOSE names...

>>> # example: see lect09_3.py, posted along with this session

>>> from lect09_3 import *

>>> spam
4000

>>> Spam
70
>>> _spam

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#90>", line 1, in <module>
    _spam
NameError: name '_spam' is not defined

>>> eggs

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#91>", line 1, in <module>
    eggs
NameError: name 'eggs' is not defined

>>> sausage

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#92>", line 1, in <module>
    sausage
NameError: name 'sausage' is not defined

>>> # again, though - all come over with import

>>> import lect09_3

>>> lect09_3.spam
4000

>>> lect09_3.Spam
70

>>> lect09_3._spam
500

>>> lect09_3.sausage
60

>>> lect09_3.eggs
50

>>> # now, a module has a __name__ attribute set for it ---
>>> #    but it is a little more interesting than one may
>>> #    initially guess;

>>> lect09_3.__name__
'lect09_3'

>>> lect09_2.__name__
'lect09_2'

>>> 3.__name__
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> food.__name__

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#102>", line 1, in <module>
    food.__name__
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute '__name__'

>>> # __name__ for a module is a LITTLE more
>>> #    interesting than we've implied above;
>>> #    ...sometimes it ISN'T the root of the
>>> #       filename;

>>> # this can be used to design a module
>>> #    that can be used BOTH within the
>>> #    python interpreter AND at the
>>> #    command line (conveniently)
>>> 
>>> # Python sets __name__ as follows:
>>> #    if a file is being imported,
>>> #    __name__  is set to the file name
>>> #    without the suffix
>>> 
>>> #    if a file is being run as a
>>> #    "top-level" program, it is set to
>>> #    the string "__main__"
>>> 
>>> # SO: your module can contain code
>>> #    that checks its current value
>>> #    of __name__ -- and if it is "__main__"
>>> #    then it can behave differently!

>>> # lect09_4.py plays with this... (and it, too, is posted along with
>>> #    this session)

>>> import lect09_4
__name__ is lect09_4

>>> # for best effect, ALSO run lect09_4 from the cs-server or
>>> #    redwood command line:
>>> # cs-server> python lect09_4.py
>>> #
>>> # THEN you'll see:	__name__ is __main__

>>> # and lect09_5.py plays more with it...

>>> import lect09_5
>>> lect09_5.square(15)
225

>>> # BUT, if you run lect09_5 from the cs-server or redwood
>>> #     command line:
>>> # cs-server> python lect09_5.py
>>> #
>>> # THEN you'll see the results of tests of lect09_5's function...

>>> # now then - a few words about
>>> #    creating your own Python classes
>>> # (class: something from which you can
>>> #    create new objects...)

>>> # Python classes look, let's say, different
>>> #    from those you might have seen in
>>> #    C++ or Java...

>>> # most classes need to define a constructor
>>> #    to create new objects ---
>>> # in Python, you define a method named
>>> #    __init__ to be a class constructor

>>> # (then, you "call" that constructor
>>> #    by using the class name, parentheses,
>>> #    and the desired constructor arguments)

>>> # self - special keyword in your class code
>>> #    meaning "the object that made this
>>> #    call"
>>> # ...and it is the first argument to most
>>> #    class methods!

>>> # (but you can then OMIT that first argument in
>>> #    the call, if you use the obj.meth(args)
>>> #    notation --- or, if you really want to,
>>> #    you can also call it using classname.meth(obj, args)...!)

>>> # __repr__ - I OVERRIDE this (give it my
>>> #    own method definition) when I want
>>> #    to specify what the string
>>> #    representation of my object should
>>> #    look like
>>> 
>>> # consider the classes Employee and Square
>>> #    in lect09_6.py (also posted along with this session)

>>> import lect09_6

>>> from lect09_6 import *

>>> # (so I don't have to type lect09_6 in
>>> # front of my class names...)

>>> # here's how I create Employee and Square
>>> #    objects...

>>> emp1 = Employee("Cleese",500)

>>> emp1.salary
500

>>> emp1.lastname
'Cleese'

>>> emp1.giveRaise(.03)
>>> emp1.salary
515.0

>>> emp2 = Employee("Palin", 740)

>>> emp1.giveRaise(.03)

>>> emp1.salary
530.45000000000005

>>> emp2.salary
740

>>> emp1.work()
Cleese does stuff

>>> emp2.work()
Palin does stuff

>>> # I did actually fix __repr__ in lecture - but I couldn't
>>> #    see it until trying it in a new python session?!
>>> #    (at least, it now works, after class!)
>>> #    (guess there are limits to reload when you have
>>> #    objects pre-existing of the class that has been reloaded?)

>>> # Reconstructing the actions above, here is now what str(emp1)
>>> #    returns:

>>> str(emp1)
'<Employee: lastname=Cleese salary=$530.45>'

>>> # oops --- there's NOT a keyword new when creating a new
>>> #    instance of a class in Python...!

>>> frame = new Square(4, "blue")
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> frame = Square(4, "blue")

>>> frame
<Square: side_length=4 color=blue>

>>> str(frame)
'<Square: side_length=4 color=blue>'

>>> box = Square(3.56666, "purple")
>>> box
<Square: side_length=3 color=purple>

>>> # if I want a new class to be a subclass
>>> #    of another ---
>>> # and to inherit that other class's
>>> #    methods ---
>>> # I write:
>>> #    class myNewClass(superclass1, superclass2, ...):
>>> # see lect09_7.py for Chef, a subclass of
>>> #    Employee (yup, it should be posted with this
>>> #    session, too)

>>> from lect09_7 import *

>>> cook = Chef("Lagasse", 5)

>>> cook.salary
50000

>>> # a Chef object inherits giveRaise from its superclass Employee!

>>> cook.giveRaise(.20)

>>> cook.salary
60000.0

>>> cook.work()
Lagasse makes food

>>> cook.maxMich
5

>>> cook.setMaxMich(10)
>>> cook.maxMich
10

>>>