* reviewed our critical-thinking definition of a statement, including its ought imperative and rhetorical question forms, and some kinds of sentences that are NOT statements in critical thinking; * NOW let's get back to ARGUMENTS * an argument is a group of statements that include the following: * one or more of this group of statements are intended as SUPPORT for that argument. These SUPPORTING statements are called PREMISES * one statement is what the argument is intended to convince or persuade. This statement is called the CONCLUSION. * some examples of arguments (some adapted from http://faculty.uncfsu.edu/jyoung/sample_arguments.htm): * "Roger Maris held the single season home run record for 37 years, so he should be in the Baseball Hall of Fame." * "A number of teenagers who committed violent acts spent many hours playing violent video games; therefore, these games must be more strictly controlled." * "It was proper for the US to be involved in the Kosovo campaign, as the US has a moral obligation to give assistance to people subjected to inhumane treatment." * "You should begin a daily program of exercise, because research shows 30 minutes of exercise each day reduces risk of heart disease." * NOTE THAT, within the set of statements making up an argument: * the premise statement(s) and the conclusion statement should be RELATED or LINKED in some way. * the premise statement(s) should be presented with the INTENT of persuading one to support the conclusion statement * the conclusion statement should be something DERIVED from the premise statement(s), and not be a simple observation. * the conclusion statement should NEED (or at least USE) the premise statements in order to be argued effectively * sometimes key phrases may HELP to identify a premise statement: * since because for seeing that considering that given that inasmuch as as indicated by judging from on account of etc. * sometimes key phrases may HELP to identify a conclusion statement: * therefore thus so accordingly for this reason that is why as a result this implies hence consequently etc. * what ARE some things (collections of statements) that are NOT arguments? * reports - convey info, but do not try to persuade * unsupported assertions - a statement without premises, statements that don't follow or imply any other statements. * conditional statements - TRICKY!!! * an if-then statement is a conditional statement * illustrations * explanations ...we will discuss these NON-argument types FURTHER on Wednesday; * more discussion of what is and is not an argument is available at: * http://philosophy.hku.hk/think/arg/arg.php * http://faculty.uncfsu.edu/jyoung/argument.htm * captioned version of Monty Python's "Argument Clinic" sketch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=YUIA40uLlKw