[looked at several examples of Venn diagrams on the white board]

*   a few QUIRKS in categorical logic:
    *   "All A are B" and "No A are B" 
        do NOT actually require that A has any members...!
	(Group A may be empty)

	All unicorns are pink.
	...you can say this without requiring that
	   unicorns exist (!!!) <-- labeled as VACUOUSLY TRUE

    *   "Some A are B" and "Some A are not B", however,
        DO require there be at LEAST one member in group A,
	because (in categorical logic) "some" means "AT LEAST ONE"

        *   so, "Some unicorns are pink" requires that there must
	    somewhere be a unicorn that is pink for this to be
	    true;

	    "Some unicorns are not purple" requires that there
	    must somewhere be a unicorn that is NOT purple
	    to be true;

********
*   STANDARDIZING categorical statements
********

*   basic structure:
    <QUANTIFIER> <SUBJECT> <VERB> <PREDICATE>

    QUANTIFIER -> All, Some, or None
    SUBJECT -> some SET of things
    VERB -> a LINKING verb (or copula) (are, are not)
    PREDICATE -> some SET of things

*   STEP 1 -> REPHRASE subjects and predicates so they
              refer to groups/classes/sets of things

	      Before: All horses are brown.
              After:  All horses are brown animals.

              Before: All spiders have 8 legs.
              After:  All spiders are 8-"appendaged" creatures

              Before: Some ballgames are postponed.
              After:  Some ballgames are postponed events.

*   STEP 2 -> REPHRASE all non-standard linking verbs
              into forms of the verb "to be" 

              Before: Some students walk to school.
              After:  Some students are people who walk to school.

              Before: All wet dogs smell musty.
              After:  All wet dogs are animals that smell musty.

              Before: Some faculty just don't get it.
              After:  Some faculty are people who just don't get it.

*   STEP 3 -> If a quantifier is NOT explicitly stated,
              STATE it (applying the Principle of Charity)

              Before: Koalas are marsupials.
	      After:  All koalas are marsupials.

              Before: Faculty are strange.
              After:  Some faculty are strange. <-- princ of charity...!

*   STEP 4 - A statement about ONE thing can be translated
             (possibly awkwardly) into a category
...to be continued on Friday!