*   basic structure of a standardized categorical statement:
    *   quantifier (All, Some, or No)
    *   Subject category terms
    *   Linking verb (Copula) (are, are not)
    *   Predicate category term

*   how to standardize a categorical statement
    *   Step 1 - rephrase non-standard subjects and
        predicates so they refer to categories/groups/sets
	of things
    *   Step 2 - rephrase non-standard linking
        verbs to forms of "to be"
    *   Step 3 - if a quantifier is not explicitly
        stated, add it (applying the Principle of
	Charity as appropriate)

    *   Step 4 - a statement about a particular
        person, place, or thing can be translated
	into a categorical statement...

        Before: Fred was born in California.
        After:  All persons who are Fred are persons
                who were born in California.

        Before: Ana is not a Green party member.
        After:  No persons who are Ana are persons
	        who are Green Party members.

    *   Step 5 - translate stylistic variants into
    	the equivalent standardized categorical form:
	*   All A are B.
	*   No A are B.
	*   Some A are B.
        *   Some A are not B.

*   going to the white board for 3-circle Venn diagrams!

*   METHOD for checking for VALIDITY of Categorical
    Syllogisms:
    *   Translate the statements into standard
        categorical statements.

    *   Draw the 3-circle Venn diagram,
        and label each circle

    *   Draw the 2 premises in the diagram.
        *   Do the ALL- and NO- style premises
            BEFORE the SOME- style premises
    
        *   DO NOT PLACE an X in a SHADED AREA

    *   Test the resulting diagram against the Conclusion.
        *   Note that an X MUST BE completely inside
	    an area for it to establish validity!