REMINDER!!!
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* STANDARDIZATION is restating an argument in
STANDARD LOGICAL FORM
* an argument is in STANDARD LOGICAL FORM
when:
* each step in the (restated) argument is numbered
consecutively
* premises are stated ABOVE the conclusions they
are claimed to support
* justifications are provided for each conclusion
in the argument
* for each conclusion or subconclusion,
indicate in PARENTHESES which previous steps
that conclusion or subconclusion is claimed to
follow from
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A LITTLE MORE REVIEW:
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* here are the steps to OBTAIN this form:
1. read through the argument, try to identify its main
conclusion
* then go back through the argument and identify
major premises and subconclusions offered in
support of that main conclusion
* paraphrase as needed to clarify meaning
2. omit any unnecessary or irrelevant material
3. number the steps in the argument, and stack them
in "correct" logical order (e.g.,
premises, then conclusion)
4. fill in any missing key premises or conclusions
* place BRACKETS [ ] around implied statements to indicate
that you added them
5. add parenthetical justifications for each
conclusion/subconclusion
* that is, for each conclusion or sub-conclusion, indicate
in parentheses from WHICH previous lines in the argument
that conclusion/sub-conclusion is claimed to directly follow
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NEWLY-ADDED BIT!!!
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* a few more RULES for standard logical form:
* Write in complete sentences only!
* Only 1 statement per (numbered) line!
* Leave out non-statements!
(note that statements in those devices such as
rhetorical questions should be re-written to be
more recognizably a statement)
* Include only premises, sub-conclusions, and the
conclusion
************
EXAMPLE 1
************
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"We can see something only after it has happened. Future events,
however, have not yet happened. So, seeing a future event seems to
imply both that it has and has not happened, and that's logically
impossible."
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* and in class, we tried to walk through the standardization
process, ending up with the standardized form:
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1. We can see something only after it has happened.
2. Future events have not yet happened.
3. So, seeing a future event seems to imply both that it has and
has not happened. (from 1 and 2)
4. It is logically impossible for an event to have happened
and not to have happened.
5. [Therefore, it is logically impossible to see a future event.]
(from 3 and 4)
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