******** REMINDERS ********

*   A LOGICAL FALLACY is a mistake in reasoning that leads 
    one to come to a fallacious conclusion.

============
two basic TYPES/categories of logical fallacies
============

*   A FALLACY OF RELEVANCE is one where the arguer offers 
    LOGICALLY IRRELEVANT reasons to support the conclusion.

    *   This is covered in Chapter 5 of the text.

*   A FALLACY OF INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE is one where the premises 
    may be relevant, but DON'T PROVIDE SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE to 
    support the conclusion.

    *   This is covered in Chapter 6 of the text.

******** end of REMINDERS ********

*   now, here are a few MORE logical fallacies of insufficient 
    evidence:

------------
False Alternatives
------------

*   An arguer poses a simple, yet false, either-or choice

    *   sometimes these are stated in if-then terms, also

------------
Loaded Questions
------------

*   A question (or statement) that contains an unfair or questionable
    assumption, no matter what the response

    *   often, cramming several questions into that one
        loaded question;

    *   how can one respond?
        ...it helps to distinguish between the actual embedded
	   questions and respond to each individually,
           NOT starting with "Yes" or "No"...

        since a loaded question is complex,
	(containing multiple embedded questions),
	it needs a complex response;

        or if necessary, a calm "That's a loaded question. ..."

------------
Questionable Cause
------------

*   attributing something as being the cause of something else 
    without sufficient evidence

    *   THREE types of Questionable Cause:
        *   Post Hoc Fallacy 
            *   Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc – "AFTER the thing, 
                therefore BECAUSE of the thing"

            *   B happened AFTER A, so A must've CAUSED B to happen

        *   Correlation Fallacy
            *   A and B (regularly/frequently) OCCUR TOGETHER, 
                so A CAUSES B" 
                (or B CAUSES A)

            *   Correlation is NOT equal to Causation !!!

            *   A very humorous Correlation Fallacy Website:

                http://www.tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations

        *   Oversimplified Cause Fallacy
            *   Claiming that "A causes B" when in fact, B may occur 
                for any of several different reasons
    
------------
Hasty Generalization
------------

*   Claiming something is true of an entire group after 
    only a few examples

    *   (similar to stereotyping)

    *   we commit this fallacy when we draw a GENERAL 
        conclusion from a sample that is BIASED or
	TOO SMALL

------------
Slippery Slope
------------

*   Claiming, **without sufficient evidence**, that a 
    seemingly harmless or mild action will lead, if continued, 
    to a harmful or disastrous outcome.

    *   "This is just the first (or next) step down a path that will 
        lead to horrific consequences!"

    *   DirecTV commercial -- Don't end up in a roadside ditch!
	
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpwlh1yl054

------------
Weak Analogy
------------

*   The claim in which an arguer compares two or more things that 
    aren't really comparable in relevant respects.

------------
Inconsistency
------------

*   Making two or more statements within the same argument 
    (or similar arguments) that cannot both simultaneously be 
    true or have an innate contradiction